Advertising and Behavior Control Essay

In the article â€Å"Advertising and Behavior Control† there were many arguments for and against advertising. The first and the biggest problem Robert L. Arrington has against advertising is â€Å"puffery.† The reason/reasons why Arrington has a problem with puffery is due to the fact that the seller makes exaggerated, or suggestive claims about a product. His overall argument on puffery is that it isn’t just â€Å"bragging† but it is bragging that is designed to persuade you to want the item or product being sold. The bragging goes so far as they convince the viewer (of the advertisement) they need the product. Puffery ultimately leads to manipulation, exploitation, and control over what people think of the product. Although Arrington has reasons against puffery, he also points out examples as to why puffery is good for advertising. As stated on page 284 â€Å"businesses just give the consumer what he/she wants; if they didn’t they wouldn’t stay in business very long. Proof that consumer wants the precuts advertised is given by the fact that he bus them, and indeed often returns to by them again and again.† Puffery ultimately leads to the customer purchasing the product. If puffery is not used then as Arrington states businesses would go out of business very quickly. Puffery is not the only argument for or against advertising Arrington had but definitely was is strongest one. Another argument against advertising that Arrington had was credibility of an advertisement. He uses Philip Nelson’s ideas and theories to better explain his thoughts. His argument states that even when the message is not credible, we as a society give it validity by allowing ourselves to see the advertisement, and the fact that we constantly see them makes us believe that things are true. Simply put as stated on page 285 â€Å"advertised frequently, is valuable indirect information for the consumer. The reason for this is that the brands advertised most are more likely to be better buys-â€Å" Although the constant streaming of false or indirect information from advertisements makes us believe something that may be untrue, there is a counter argument as to why this form of advertising is legitimate, One of the counter arguments is in the form of a thought provoking question on page 285 â€Å"do the advertising techniques we have discussed involve a violation of human autonomy and a manipulation and control of consumer behavior, or do they simply provide an efficient and cost effective means of giving the consumer information on the basis of which he or she makes a free choice.† This may seem like a lot to grasp, but in essence the meaning of that thought provoking question is: is advertising information, or is advertising there for us to create wants and desi res in our life? These are just a couple of the arguments for and against advertising, and Arrington continues with many more thought provoking and legitimate arguments. All in all, Arrington makes claims for and against advertising, and eventually comes to the conclusion that he does not know what is right. If advertising is indeed good or bad as he says on page 289 â€Å"I do not pretend to have the answer. I only hope that the above discussion, in showing some of the kinds of harm that can be done by advertising and by indicating the likely limits of this harm, will put us in a better position to grapple with the question.† In my own opinion I don’t think that advertising should be controlled anymore than it is now. My reason for thinking this way is because products are made to be sold and along with that products are also made for us (the customer) to use, and enjoy. If products weren’t marketed/advertised to the customer as enjoyable, or brings you a higher satisfaction in life what would be the point of any person buying the product? Sure puffery may seem like it is a scam by â€Å"extending the truth† but at the same time if you had the money, and the time, and the friends to live a life like a commercial then it is very well possible to achieve that fulfillment from a product. Unfortunately not everyone is capable of doing this, but a product that is advertised is always going to be represented better than it actually is, due to the fact it is there to make a profit, and to be sold. My next point is the fact that advertisement falls into our liberties. We all have the right to freedom of speech. By advertising, or marketing one is free to say, promote, speak, etc. how they would like as long it is not in an offensive or demeaning way. This is why I believe there should be no more restrictions or limitations (if any) on advertising/marketing.

Educational assessment and evaluation, Essay

The primary purpose of education is to enable learning The purpose of the assessment should be described and classified, whether formative or summative? whether student focused or program focused? For specific assessment, the following should be specified: Content Format Scoring, reporting and utilization of results ASSESSMENT – concerned with making judgments about the value, worth or quality of learning process Since evaluation involves judgments, it is important for educational managers to discuss and agree about the purpose of any evaluation activity and the criteria to be used in making judgments EVALUATION OF LEARNING OUTCOMES IN EDUCATION PURPOSE 1. Evaluation for accountability Several levels can be identified: national, local education( division or district),institutional,departmental School recognitions and accreditation Annual comparative data 2. Evaluation for improvement purposes School strive for better outcomes for their learners School need ways of evaluating how good the learning outcomes are How the outcomes may be sustained or improved Outcomes in Education 1. A well educated individual -complete with skills, knowledge and abilities a. Formative evaluation b. Summative evaluation c. 2. Achievements d. -refers to the achievement of the students in terms of examinations, tests, term papers and other scale national or international examinations such as: e. National Achievement Test (NAT) f. Career assessment g. Board examinations h. TIMSS 3. The added value of the school The whole-institutions quality and effectiveness measured by examination results brings added value to the school. 4. Learning skills Learning is a creative process in which the learner designs his own understandings and skills, imbibing new knowledge and experience while relating them to previous experiences. 5. Social and life skills Range of Intelligences and talents may broaden the range of educational aspirations such as creativity, cooperation, motivation and other interpersonal and social skills. Learning is done in social interactions. 6. Satisfaction Consultation from the stakeholders of the school Improvement of satisfaction is an important achievement of schools 7. Destination of Graduates Follow-up of graduates Employability is in terms of a. Waiting time b. Job fitness

Research Qualitative Review

This paper will critique the qualitative study written by Peiters, et al. (2011), which looks at the journey and barriers older women diagnosed with breast cancer must hurdle to receive treatment. This research was to reveal the complexities of breast cancer diagnosis, treatment and life in general for women greater than seventy-years old. To achieve this task, Peiters, et al. , (2011) implemented the constructivist grounded theory. The data analysis approach appropriately utilized for this research was constructivist grounded theory. This theory allows for self reflection during data gathering and analysis, which divulges any influential prejudices that may arise from both researcher and study subject. Influencing this theory is symbolic interactionism which emphasizes ones’ ultimate ambition and the lifelong social synergy that transpires to achieve it (Peiters, et al. , 2011). The recruitment of participants was obtained by posting flyers in public areas in Southern California and two bordering states. The locations targeted were oncology departments, cancer support agencies, oncologist offices, churches, senior community centers, and retirement centers. Newspaper advertisements, as well were used to elicit participation. Purposive and snowballing techniques were utilized. Screening for eligibility, clearly defined, was done via telephone for inclusions which ended with eighteen women all over the age of seventy, completed treatment for treatment for breast cancer within the last three to fifteen months. Informed consent was obtained and interviews took place mainly in homes or apartments lasting up to two and a half hours. One limitation of the study was that second interviews stopped at only ten women and may have excluded valuable new incite to the study, although researchers claim that second interviews revealed no new data, hence implying data saturation. Adequate thick description was given of the participants, setting and study processes to ensure transferability (Polit & Beck, 2012). Interviews were guided by a questionnaire and responses were tape recorded, followed by verbatim transcription. Examples of interview questions were provided for the reader to convey effectiveness of the process (Polit & Beck, 2012). Other helpful tables provided were the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Category schemes revealed are three barriers that theses breast cancer survivors faced, which were lack of information, preexisting co-morbidities and multiple health care appointments. These schemes prove logical for the study as they helped elaborate the purpose of the research. Multiple passages from the participants were extracted to give evidence of well interpreted data and emotional state of the participants. Data analysis was systematic initial coding, followed by focused coding using ATLAS. ti, version 6. to magnify reoccurring data. To create a audit trail, memos, field notes and diagrams were written. Two researchers, one of them being the principle investigator and the other well versed in grounded theory analysis, were responsible for coding and analyzing the data. In nursing the level of evidence provides assurance for the methods that were utilized for the study (Polit & Beck, 2012). This research would qualify as level VI, given that it is a single descriptive, qualitative, physiologic study specific to women aged seventy or older and their journey through life with breast cancer. The goals of this research are affirmed by the extensive detailed interviews of eighteen older women and their struggles with breast cancer. Each participant plummeted through barricades to recieveing health care. The importance of an oncology nurse navigator emerged as a valuable role to help clarify the process of obtaining services for healthcare. Meticulous care was taken in the transcription of taped interviews and explicit excerpts were bestowed to the reader to ensure trustworthiness.

Foundations of a common European home Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foundations of a common European home - Essay Example r doors to migrations of selective groups notably: southern Europeans including Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese, as well as the recruitment of Turks for work in West Germany, Magrebians in France, and West Indian and Asians in the UK.1 What this meant is that Europe, immigration and, most importantly, the rapid industrialization would lay the foundations for the concept of a â€Å"common European home† in the 1950s and 1960s. In a bid to reassert their power in the postwar setting, countries in Europe, particularly Germany, France and Great Britain encouraged immigration, as many jobs were needed to filled. Most of these were factory work – those who were avoided by the nationals. The source of immigrants came from the poorer European countries, initially, and when these countries closed the wage gap with its more affluent neighbors, immigration and labor recruitment started to be sourced from the European colonies such as in South Asia and Africa.2 As migrant laborers renew their working contracts time and time again, they eventually laid down roots and a sense of residential permanency that they strove to legalize. Because of this, European governments have devised ways to integrate these immigrants into their respective societies drafting legislation to the same effect. For instance, we have the case of the West Berlin’s policy during the 1950s where the city government espoused the self -help philosophy in political-cultural integration. The functional approach that the city adopted has downplayed ethnic differences and made the immigrant-origin population an integral part of all local departmental and institutional mandates.3 This has cultivated a multicultural society somewhat akin to a common European home for European nationalities. Later on, sometime in 1975, European countries such as France and West Germany would enact family reunification policies wherein foreigners could settle permanently in the country along with their families.4 Because of

FIFA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

FIFA - Case Study Example Football is normally governed by a worldwide body. This is called the FIFA. In the year 1930, the first world cup finals were held. This was done in Uruguay. After this the next world cup finals were held in the year 1994.This was held in the United States of America. In the past, FIFA never used to allocate the world cup finals evenly. Recently FIFA decided to give equal considerations to every FIFA confederations. FIFA has got 204 members who are quite ambitious who have highly contributed to this. This organisation has really expanded in the resent past. In the year 2006, the word cup finals were held in Germany after the members voting. 1 FIFA usually has presidential elections and the aspirants are the ones that that offer this improvements. The one that was in Germany was supposed to have been held in South Africa but it brought in many accusations concerning intimidation. There is a high probability that the finals will not be held in Europe any soon, maybe until the year 2020.It was noted that there were huge costs incurred in hosting the 32 national teams when the world cup final were held in Korea and Japan. FIFA increased the amount of money it is offering to world cup winners .This was by 70% increased. This was effective in the year 1998 when this amount was paid to France after winning the world cup finals. ... There is a high probability that the finals will not be held in Europe any soon, maybe until the year 2020.It was noted that there were huge costs incurred in hosting the 32 national teams when the world cup final were held in Korea and Japan. FIFA increased the amount of money it is offering to world cup winners .This was by 70% increased. This was effective in the year 1998 when this amount was paid to France after winning the world cup finals. Initially, each team that participated in the world cup finals used to be paid 400,000. Each game that is played in the tournament was attracting 550,000.FIFA is now paying 2m to each team that participates in the world cup games even if it doesn't succeed in the initial group games. There are chances that FIFA could pay the winners an amount of 5m.This will depend on several factors. It includes the number of sponsorships that the world cups will attract and the amount rose by these finals in general. World cup finals were in the past hosted by Japan and Korea. This was tricky because the two nations have their own differences and have tense relations. These differences are in the social development, cultural and economic sectors. Regional discord could very much be promoted by the world cup finals in the two nations. 2.0 FIFA This organisation was founded in May 1904.It is the Federation International de Football Association in full. The nations that signed the act of foundation include; Sweden, Spain, Denmark, France, Belgium, Switzerland and France. At the start of the twenty first century, the first official matches under this organisation took place in Europe. The intention of starting up this organisation was to understand the role played by English in the matches. Netherlands Football Association's secretary got

4 discussions week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

4 discussions week 4 - Essay Example mindset, but I also severely disagree and find it to manifest from faulty reasoning, stereotyping, racial/ethnic bias, and even simply , in my opinion, â€Å"lazy† teaching. My perspective is unique to the special education student perspective. As I have addressed previously, though multi-cultural differences exist in these classrooms and certainly do enrich the diverse environment and opportunity for sharing of experiences, the curriculum is often so individualized that immersion activities for the entire class can be sparse. This is certainly not to say that these types of experiences should not be utilized as I believe it would be a disservice to the overall educational experience if diversity were dismissed due to lack of creativity, ingenuity and ability to make such information relatable on the part of the teacher. I do note that, even in the exceptional student classroom, standards and performance are expected of individual learners. No matter what the classroom, their tends to a disturbing trend that caters to the â€Å"need to know† perspective. In the Facilitator’s Guide, common belief 12 states: With all the pressures to raise student achievement, finding and using examples for the cultural, historic and everyday lived experiences of my students takes valuable time away from teaching and learning. So in reverse, I identify with this assertion, but do fervently disagree with its overall affect in practice. While compartmentalized learning experiences that facilitate higher test score in standardized, â€Å"high stakes†, testing do impart useful, identified information related to the prediction of future success in specified areas, I believe we miss the â€Å"human† experience by narrowing our perspectives to what have been select as superior information. Knowledge and learning are comprised of many elements and many highly intelligent individuals find functioning effective in diverse environments and with people from said backgrounds difficult to

In what ways have British institutions and policy-making adjusted to Essay

In what ways have British institutions and policy-making adjusted to the influence of the EU - Essay Example End up being taken (in the form of regulations, directives, recommendations, programs or strategies) for this international regime. Thus, the concept embraces here so what the literature generally defines Europeanization (or the EU's growing impact on the behaviour of actors, institutional functioning, legal and political process of the EU countries). In addition, what this excludes and has been called "domestication" (projection of the preferred policy approaches by countries to the European level) (Jordan, 2000a: 1) or "horizontal transmission and indirectly" in the sense that certain EU member states to use "export" its priorities and environmental objectives to other countries ((McCormick, John, 2008)). Once the concept is passed, secondly, to analyze the mechanisms through which Europeanization operates, noting that harmonization is the mechanism par excellence when it comes to understanding why environmental policy has been Europeanized. Subsequently, there are three dimensions within this policy. The Europeanization of substantive dimensions, institutional and environmental policy style The Europeanization of the content or substantive dimension of environmental policy is very clear as to the incorporation into national legislation (through the mechanism of transposition of directives mainly) standards and of principles or mechanisms that contribute to achieving the objectives set by the regulations. The polluter pays principle is reflected for example in water legislation, which includes fees for both direct and indirect discharges, while voluntary agreements that deviate from the classical regulatory mechanism (command-and- control), have been applied in various fields of waste management policy. A different theme is, of course, the compliance (enforcement) of legislation, and that not all fees apply CC.AA nor all of them have been collected, with the same intensity, economic and fiscal mechanisms in their regulations. On the other hand, other instrume nts, such as voluntary agreements between governments and companies are still relatively minor and have not developed systematically or in law or in practice. (Cini, Michele and Nieves Perez-Solorzano Borragan (eds) 2009) However, examples of Europeanization of the substantive dimension is infinite ranging from the reference; that the first draft of the National Hydrological Plan (the developed by the socialist government in 1993) was a directive 91/271 to introduce the requirement to protect water quality, to the approval of the tax on waste oils (ministerial order of 02/28/1989) reflecting the directives 75/439 and 87/101.Through the objectives of increased energy use renewable has set the Ministry of Industry and Energy (MINER) in its latest National Energy Plan. Following the fifth Environmental Action Programme of the EU, or the introduction of the so-called strategic environmental impact assessment on the part of certain regional governments. Overall, in terms of content in UK , there has been Europeanization of national environmental policy due to the need to transpose a large number of directives after the entry into the Community in 1986 (Directives also

Sound levels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sound levels - Essay Example There is no doubt that the amount of noise generated in the NICU can be significant. A study at the University of Padova established noise levels within and outside the incubator. It divided those noises into significant ‘white’ noise, and specific noises, which can be used by voluntary and involuntary noises generated when workers touched the plexiglass surface of the incubator, or connected or disconnected to the incubator. It appears that the background noise was less harmful than the sudden and unexpected noises, which tended to generate levels above 80 dB (Benini, 1997). A literature review discovered a good deal of evidence of neonatal stress from noise, with the most common measures being cardiovascular and respiratory response. The authors list the key stimuli, including sound intensity, and the effect that they have on the infant’s behavioral state. Some articles have differentiated the neonates by gestational age and infant maturity. As one of the co-authors found, however, the sample sizes were small, and the variables were not well controlled in most studies (Morris, 2000) Noise has been measured and reported upon in the NICU since the 1970’s. At that time, noise levels were reported in the 70-117 dB range, which is clearly above currently-acceptable levels (Peltzman, 1970) (Long, 1980) (Satish M. a.-S., 1993) (Satish M. S., 1991) . These studies suggested that continuous and elevated noise levels resulted in significant deterioration in healing and levels of nervousness in neonates. Early work on the effects of noise in the NICU concentrated on noise within the incubator itself; these led to improvements in incubator noise reduction, and resulted in a general emphasis on NICU noise reduction (Bess, 1979). It is always difficult to find accurate, reproducible responses of newborns to stimuli. One effect which can be reproduced is that of reduced noise on sleeping times for infants. Strauch et al led a study which

Fairy tales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fairy tales - Essay Example Children find such tales so interesting because some of the fairy tales touch on their every day experience. Parents should expose their children to some of the fairy tales when they turn five. Children will concentrate more in listening to fairy tales when relaxing, especially when they are about to retire to bed. Fairy tales are not just associated with children. They are very much important to teens. They are important to teens because they build on their emotional resilience. Parents should show their responsibility in taking care of the family by showing the teens about the reality of life. This will make them know and appreciate that problems do not come to people because they are bad, but rather problems are faced by people in order to make them stronger and to be able to survive in any environment no matter how complicated it is. There are a lot of lessons we can learn from fairy tales. Some of them range from the society’s perception of the role of a girl child to chi ld trafficking. In most societies, including China’s, boys have been traditionally valued than girls. You find boys given the best kind of education, given opportunity in places of work and at the same time given an opportunity to marry any girl he wishes, sometimes with the help of the parents. This is not only common in China but also other nations though the situation is now changing. This paper therefore aims at drawing illustrations based on the issues that affect children and some of the ways in which parents and relatives have contributed to such problems. Most of the illustrations will however be drawn from children fairy tales like Disneyland for clarifications. Girls lack freedom of choice. This is because they are always viewed as weaker sex. In as much as many people could hold similar opinion about girls, I tend to wonder the kind of criterion such people have always used to measure weaknesses of girls. Perhaps one of the reasons for holding such belief is the fa ct that boys tend to be a little bit brave as compared to girls. Boys’ brevity can be seen in the way they handle situations, friends and enemies, animals, scary movies and tales. Some girls, on the other hand, are more afraid of touching animals and certain insects; they also fear scary movies like horrors. However much people feel that girls are naturally born weaker sex and that they are always cowards, this again should not be true with all girls; certain girls are braver just like there are certain boys who are cowards. The ability to be brave or cowardice depends on certain factors, some of them being entirely dependent on genes. Generalizing that all girls are cowards or all boys should be brave is a fact that does not hold water. Besides, should it be the reason why most societies do not have respect for girl child? If it is so then it is regrettable because creation is an occurrence which is beyond human understanding. Certain tales teach about the power of confidenc e. A good example is (Cinderella) the girl who falls in love with a prince and despite her poor background, breaks all odds to marry the handsome prince. This is done against the wishes of many including the step sister. The view that girls are inferior is something that even women appreciate. They are not given a chance to choose what they feel is best for them. In Cinderella, Cinderella’s step sister falls in love with a mere baker, a love triangle that later leads to marriage. Cinderella’

Answer questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Answer questions - Assignment Example Primal solution is easier to solve and because of the difficulty of the dual solution, there is a lack of full numerical solutions to the dual problem. Normal or direct utility function treats utility as increasing function of goods or services consumed and decrease in the function of work being performed for it. As opposite to this, in indirect utility function increasing function of non-work income and rate of wage of work done, and decreasing function of prices of goods and services consumed is termed as utility. As the price of chips in Utopia is more than the price in the world, many suppliers will be interested in providing the product in Utopia. With the existing demand and supply situation, it appears that production will mostly be done outside Utopia. Domestic production will be costly and thus not affordable. b) If the senator’s proposal is approved, there will be an increase in supply due to decreased cost, and will be an increase in demand as well. With the increased number of chips coming in market, the price will automatically decrease for the end buyer. The price will be thus down to less than 4. The quantity consumed domestically will increase so will the quantity produced domestically. The subsidy plan will cost the government a lot. It will not be a very profitable venture as all profits made through this economic strategy will be lost to the factor that imports are still allowed and subsidy is not paid on domestic sales. With the high price of chips in Utopia, even with the subsidy, Utopia will not be the cheapest producer to beat competition to the level where despite the imports and no subsidy on domestic sales this step could be profitable. d) The Senator is correct in his objections. Considering the market price and the demand of this product, an increase of $1 tariff on imports would have resulted in the same profit collection with much less hassle. d) The maximum profit equation has been derived through a set of

Sexually transmitted diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sexually transmitted diseases - Essay Example The foremost factor that contributes to the pending problem is that people are not knowledgeable about the dangers and risks of sexually transmitted diseases. In-depth awareness of the causes, risks, and effects of STDs is clearly lacking in the public. Such lack of awareness is evident in the lifestyle that many Americans live today. Although people may have realized the need for safe sex, they continue to be uninformed about the other ways by which they can contract sexually transmitted diseases. Increasing awareness regarding sexually transmitted diseases has become a growing concern in today's society. Various means of educating the public have been continuously been explored. However, the most important public information source has yet to be fully utilized, the media. The media in the modern times has served as the primary means people gain knowledge about the various issues that are present in society. It is from the media that people get information about current issues ranging from politics, global affairs, economics, and public health. The media is the information resource that has the most extensive reach. Moreover, the influence of media in the lives of people is vast. It can sway public opinion towards one side. (Stoughton) With such great influence over public perception and opinion, media can easily promote awareness regarding important issues such as STDs just as it promotes awareness regarding violence so easily. This paper will discuss the role of one form of media, newspaper, in increasing the public's knowledge and awareness regarding sexually transmitted diseases. New articles found in the nationally-circulated newspapers that tackle the issue of STDs will be analyzed to determine the extent to which the issue is discussed. Furthermore, past researches and studies will likewise be reviewed. The primary objective of this study will be to determine the extent to which print news media informs the public regarding sexually transmitted diseases. Review of Related Literature In this section, previous studies will be discussed to determine what their findings suggest about the coverage that the subject of STDs receives from print news media. Also, news articles from nationally-circulated newspapers will be analyzed to ascertain whether sexually transmitted diseases received ample substantive news reporting from the newspapers. Furthermore, this section will discuss how print new media reports STDs to the public and whether such kind of reporting contributes to increasing the awareness of the public significantly regarding the problem. A study conducted by Davidson and Wallack (2004) involved a content analysis of articles from the leading American newspapers to determine the type of new coverage that print media outlets gave to the issue of sexually transmitted diseases. The results of the study revealed a lack of substantive reporting on the subject of sexually transmitted diseases. Davidson and Wallack found that less that one-fourth of the articles they reviewed contained anything that pertains to the causes, consequences, prevention, signs, or symptoms, screening, transmission, treatment, trends or rates of STDs. (2004). Most of the articles contained statistical information regarding sexually transmitted diseases. According to Davidson and Wallack (2004), statistical information may be what journalists perceive as newsworthy about STDs; journalists report that they are

The life of Garibaldi Essay Example for Free

The life of Garibaldi Essay Get the clamp ready and place the tile on the clamp, then place the conical flask on the tile. Rinse your burette with your diluted HCl to replace any previous liquids which may intervene in the results. Now secure the burette to the clamp making sure the nozzle is facing in the conical flask. You should now have your apparatus set-up like this: 30/5230/35230/image006. gif Funnel Burette filled with diluted HCl Conical Flask Clamp Tile Ca(OH) and Indicator i Now everything should be ready. From your volumetric flask, empty out the diluted HCl into a normal beaker. Using this beaker fill the burette up to the 0 mark with a funnel. i Start titrating slowly until the solution has totally reacted. Then record the results noting how much HCl you used. Record the results in a suitable format and repeat the experiment at least three more time for more accuracy. Finally record the average (mean) titre. i SAFTEY: this is extremely important as you are handling hydrochloric acid. Goggles must be worn at all times, hair must be tied back and bags must remain under the desk. If anything goes wrong, consult the teacher immediately. Always remember to work safely as HCl can be hazardous to your skin, the indicator may stain your clothing as well. (Accuracy): The pipette, burette and volumetric flask only have a percentage error of + or 0. 1%. This is a small error. That is why they are used in this experiment. Be sure to take precautions such as making sure that when you pour in the HCl or Ca(OH) you do not let it run down the sides because some will be left on the sides thus making an inaccuracy. As you can see above, the bold says10. 0cm3 of your Ca(OH), when instead it should have been 25. 0cm3. The reason for this is because there was not enough of the Ca(OH) to perform all the experiments. This is a limitation due to the fact that 25. 0cm3 would have been a more accurate measure because 10. 0cm3 may not be enough for a clear result. AnalysisJ Rough Accurate 1 Accurate 2 Accurate 3 Final burette reading cm3 37. 3 37. 2 37. 1 37. 3 Initial burette reading cm3 0 0 0 0 Volume used cm3 37. 3 37. 2 37. 1 37. 3 Mean titre cm3 37. 3 37. 2 37. 1 37. 3 This is the final part to the investigation. In this part of the investigation I aim to determine the final concentration of the limewater solution. I will go through my calculation step by step and explain what I am doing along the way. Starting off, lets look at what we have. The equation for the reaction is: 30/5230/35230/image001. gif Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl(aq) + 2H2O(L). For the Ca(OH) we are trying to find the concentration in mol g dm-3. However we have the volume (10. 0cm3 is how much we er solution. This would change the colour of the solution to light orange which would change to pink by the end of the titration. 5. After that I will place the flask onto a white tile placed on a clamp stand. Then I will open the tap of the burette that is held in the clamp stand and let the acid neutralise the alkali. 6. By the end of titration the limewater solution turns pink which indicates that it has been neutralised. 7. I will repeat the experiment at least thrice to make it a fair test. Repeating the experiment will also ensure that the results that I get are accurate. The reaction that takes place can be described with the help of this balanced equation: Ca (OH)2 + 2HCl i CaCl2 + 2H2O In order to get reliable results from the exper at the end point would be reached before the equivalence. Variable Control You need t ensure that you take your chemicals from the same batch so as not to get two different concentrations each time you test them. Temperature and pressure should have no effect on the reaction Organisation Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram below, ensuring that the burette valve is closed. Run de-ionised water through the burette and wash all of the equipment with it First of all dilute the hydrochloric acid using by adding slowly 25ml of 2.00moldm-3 HCl to 475ml of de-ionised water in the 500ml beaker. Then, using a pipette, put 100ml of the HCl solution into the burette Put 50ml of limewater into a conical flask using the pipette then add 5 drops of methyl orange to the solution, this should turn the solution a pale orange Open the .. . molarity 1dm3 = 10x10x10cm3 = 1000cm3 1(Molarmass) = 8. 12gdm3 Evaluation My practical experiment went quite well and I got a variety of results, which were suitable for the task given. My results show that I got two identical results and one just 1. 1cm3 off. Which suggests that I have been accurate and precise during the experiment. By being accurate it came about by specific apparatus I used, which restricted errors. However during the experiment I came across an array o

The God Of Small Things

The God Of Small Things Intertextuality signifies the inter connectedness of one text with other texts and it reveals the presence of one text within the other and highlights the fact that no text can have an independent meaning. Every text takes something from the previous texts, and lends something to the future texts. Every text takes something from the previous texts, and lends something to the future texts. Intertextuality is the shaping of texts meanings by other texts. It can refer to an authors borrowing and transformation of a prior text or to a readers referencing of one text in reading another. (Wikipedia). The term intertextuality was coined by the poststructuralist theorist Julia Kristeva in her article Word Dialogue which was published in 1966. Intertextuality generally signifies that the literary works are not a closed network and are not autonomous in nature. Today, intertextuality is used frequently and it has become a part of our notion as one watching film or TV, reading novel , or experiencing art. Graham Allen describes the concept of intertextuality as one of the central ideas as he argues: Texts, whether they are literary or non-literary, as viewed by modern theorists, as lacking in any kind of independent meaning. They are what theorists now call intertextual. The act of reading plunges us into a network of textual relations. To interpret a text, to discover its meaning, or meanings, is to trace those relation [. . .] Meaning becomes something which exists between a text and all other texts to which it refers and relates (Allen, Graham., Intertextuality: New Critical Idio m Series. Rutledge Publications, London, 2000, p.1) The theory of intertextuality is developed by poststructuralist and postmodern theorists, has become an effective appropriation strategy for postcolonial writers. Postcolonialism is chiefly characterized by questioning and subverting the authority. Pramod K. Nayyar defines postcolonial literature as: Postcolonial literatures seek to address the ways in which non-European (Asian, African, South American, but also settler colony) literatures and cultures have been marginalized as an effect of colonial rule, and to find, if possible, modes of resistance, retrieval and reversal of their own pre- colonial pasts. (Nayyar K, Pramod., Postcolonial Literature: An Introduction., 2008, Dorling Kindersley publications, Delhi). The sense of interconnectedness between different cultures is particularly significant in the postcolonial context, a context which arises due to the meeting of cultures. Arundhati Roy uses global referenced intertextuality to such a great extent in her novel. Intertextuality as a device in literary texts can be deployed at different levels. Roy makes intertextuality a conscious motif and device. The remark made on the twins in the context of the Kathakali performance: Trapped in the bog of a story that was and wasnt theirs. That had set out with the semblance of structure and order, then bolted like a frightened horse into anarchy (Roy, Arundhati. The God of Small Things. New Delhi: India Ink, 1997, p.236). Similarly, a rewriting of texts is suggested in the description of the twins as Hansel and Gretel in a ghastly fairy tale in which their dreams would be captured and re-dreamed (Roy, p.293). Roy makes extended references to texts as different as the popular film The Sound of Music (Roy, p.105-11), Heart of Darkness (Roy, p.125-26,199-200,305-06), Chemmeen (Roy, p.218-20), the Kathakali man and his Great texts like Kama Shabadam (Roy, p.218-20) and Duryodhana Vadham (Roy, p.229, 234). Many passing allusions are made to texts as disparate as popular soap operas like WWFs Hulk Hogan and Mr.Perfect (Roy, p.28), Shakespea res The Tempest, The Jungle Book, The Adventures of Susie Squirrel (Roy, p.58-59), Sinbad the Sailor (Roy, p.80), Julius Caesar (Roy, p.82-83), Ulysses and Penelope (Roy, p.157), the fairy tales about the Three Bears (180) or the Ugly Toad who turns into a handsome prince, Rumplestiltskin (Roy, p.182), Hansel and Gretel, and even literary texts like The Tale of Two Cities (Roy, p.61), The Scarlet Pimpernel (Roy, p.182) and so on (Roy, p.187), a recipe for making jam (Roy, p.195), and the boatsongs of Kerala (Roy, p.196-97). The contexts in which these texts are used are, in general, negative or pessimistic. Roy in her novel especially in the first few chapters used intertext to create an atmosphere of 1960s. She concentrated on fashion and culture to create that atmosphere. But the skyblue Plymouth with chrome tailfins was still parked outside.. (Roy, p.2). The reader will eventually realizes that the attributes from the 1950s belong to Kerala and its inhabitants and that many of the attributes from the 1960s the arrival of Sophie Mol with her mother Margaret. And then they were there, the Foreign Returnees, in washnwear suits and rainbow sunglassesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.Maxis and high heels. Puff sleeves and lipstick. Mixy grinders and automatic flashes for their cameras(Roy,140). Chackos exwife Margaret and daughter Sophie Mol arrival to Kerala is a turning point to the novel. Ammu, Chacko, Estha, Rahel and Baby Kochamma get into the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ skyblue Plymouth with chrome tailfins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Roy, p.2) to pick them up at the airport. The Plymouth car has many symbolic values. The Plymouth used to belong to Pappachi, Rahel and Esthas grandfather. Now that he was dead, it belonged to Mammachi, their grandmother (Roy,35). The grandfather was a man who lived according to the British colonisers rules. He was also a patriarch and harassed his family. However, Chacko has taken Pappachis role of being the man in the house. The fact that the car is now driven by Chacko, who is a self proclaimed Marxist, which symbolises the new Marxist rulers of Kerala. The car is thus a symbol of entrapment and also it symbolises the delay in modernity in Kerala. This delay in modernity is emphasised at the airport when the family waits for their guests from London. Estha, Rahel and Ammu are being resistant and suspicious of their guests. This is emphasised by the smell of London and the prosperity brought with the newcomers: Then, there, among the washnwear suits and shiny suitcases, Sophie Molà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦She walked down the runway, the smell of London in her hair. Yellow bottoms of bells flapped backwards around her ankles. Long hair floated out from under her straw hatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.(Roy, p.141). Sophie is a symbol of freedom and therefore a threat to old Keralan values. She represents a breath of fresh air with flapping trouser legs and floating hair. Uncle Chackos daughter is only a young girl and still a threat to Esthas and Rahels world. Estha was wearing his beige and pointy shoes and his Elvis puff. His Special Outing Puff. His favourite Elvis song was  ´Party ´.  ´Some people like to rock, some people like to roll,  ´he would croon, when nobody was watching, strumming a badminton racquet, curling his li p like Elvis.  ´But moonin ´an ´a- groonin ´gonna satisfy mah soul, less have a pardyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Roy, p.37). In order to make a good impression on Margaret and Sophie, Baby Kochamma is showing off, pretending she is not as behind the time as the rest of the family:  ´Elvis Presley, ´ Baby Kochamma said for revenge. ´ Im afraid were a little behind the times here. ´ Every one looked at Estha and laughed (Roy, p.145). However, the childrens attraction to Sophie Mol and the modern world is there: And the three of them, led by Sophie Mol, sashayed across the airport car park, swaying like fashion models, Eagle flasks and Made-in-England go-go bags bumping around their hips (Roy, p.152). Further on, in the tragic story, Sophie Mol drowns and at her funeral she is still surrounded by her London-ness: She lay in it (the coffin) in her yellow Crimplene bellbottoms with her hair in a ribbon and her Made-in-England go-go bag that she loved (Roy, p.4). Now her hair is in a ribbon. Modernity and change will perhaps never survive in Kerala. Estha and Rahels fear of losing their place in the family is partly explained by the The Sound of Music intertext. Before picking up Margaret and Sophie at the airport in Cochin, the Ayemenem family went to see The Sound of Music. However Chacko and Ammu had different views on the film: Chacko said that going to see The Sound of Music was an extended exercise in Anglophilia, while, Ammu said,  ´Oh come on, the whole world goes to see The Sound of Music. Its a World Hit( Roy, p.55). Rahel and Estha were on their way to Cochin to see The Sound of Music for the third time. They knew all the songs and to know all the songs is also imp ortant to the reader. this time the film would mean something special to the children. Estha and Rahel are scared of loosing their uncle to Sophie Mol and Margaret. They feel as if they are not good enough. In comparison with the children in The Sound of Music, no child would be good enough: Captain von Trapps seven peppermint children had had their peppermint baths, and were standing in a peppermint line with their hair slicked down, singing in obedient peppermint voicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Roy, p.110). Estha is definitely not peppermint clean and he has been molested by the Orangedrink Lemondrink man. Shocked by this experience, Estha wonders if ever a Captain von Trapp, an uncle Chacko or a father could love him and Rahel. Estha imagined that Captain von Trapp had some questions of his own. (a) Are they clean white children? No. (But Sophie Mol i s.) (b) Do they blow spit bubbles? Yes (But Sophie Mol doesnt.) (c) Do they shiver their legs? Like clerks? Yes (But Sophie Mol doesnt) (d) Have they, either or both, ever held strangers soo-soos? Nà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Nyes (But Sophie Mol hasnt.) (Roy, p.106). Apart from Esthas comparison between him and the peppermint children in the film, there are also several images connected to Baby Kochamma. Baby Kochamma was in her youth very much in love with a Father Mulligan, working in Ayemenem. She decided, at a young age, to become a nun, while waiting for her love for him to be returned. However, the love was never returned and Baby became disillusioned. In The Sound of Music Julie Andrews or Maria is also a nun. The life in the convent does, however, not fit Marias personality and neither did it fit Baby Kochammas. They both escaped the convent life. Still, Baby Kochamma liked the early nun bits best in the film. Ammu explained to Estha and Rahel that people always loved best what they identified most with (Roy, p.98). Although Baby Kochamma escaped the convent life, she somehow still identified with the nuns. She is jealous of other peoples love and happiness, and especially Ammus: They [the nuns] had complaints to make to their Reverend Mother. Sweetsinging complaints. About Julie Andrews, who was still up in the hills, singing The Hills Are Alive with the Sound of Music and was, once again, late for mass: She climbs a tree and scrapes her knee, Her dress has got a tear. She waltzes on her way to Mass And whistles on the stairà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ And underneath her wimple She has curlers in her hair! (Roy, p.99-100) These lyrics will lead the reader back to Baby Kochammas feelings about Ammu and Ammu, a divorced woman, who should feel shame and guilt over her failures, does the contrary and is in love. She subscribed wholeheartedly to the commonly held view that a married daughter had no position in her parents home. As for a divorced daughter according to Baby Kochamma, she had no position anywhere at all. And for a divorced daughter from a love marriage, well, words could not describe Baby Kochammas outrage. (Roy, p.45). Thus, within the interpretation of The Sound of Music the reader also has to know the intertext Let it Be by The Beatles in order to link Baby Kochamma to the nuns, Julie Andrews to Ammu and jealousy to love. Ammu is in love with the untouchable man Velutha. She has known him all her life and although he is untouchable, Ammus family has treated him with a certain amount of respect. However, this does not mean that they would accept a relationship between her and Velutha. Therefore, on some days , Ammu cannot help feeling happy, although sad about the fact that he is untouchable for her. She sometimes wakes up to the sound of music, just as anyone being in love does. Still, Ammu knows that the laws say Let it Be. However, as the reader delves further into the plot, Ammu is touched by the untouchable Velutha. Thus, the line I wake up to the sound of music, Mother Mary comes to me refers to their nightly meetings. Mother Mary is Baby Kochamma, speaking for the rules given by Christianity and Caste systems and yet, Mother Mary is also love, in the shape of Velutha. Through this maze of imageries the reader can understand how Baby Kochamma hates Ammu. The novel eventually develops into several tragedies where one of them is the horrifying ending of Ammus and Veluthas relationship and Veluthas death. There are many coinciding circumstances, although it is Baby Kochammas jealousy and personal disappointments that will have the most devastating consequences. In the film, Rolf is the oldest peppermint daughters boyfriend. He is a trustedperson, as if he belonged to the family. He becomes, however, a Nazi and betrays the family von Trapp. Sadly, a parallel between him and Baby Kochamma can be found. Baby Kochamma also becomes a betrayer, although she is one in the family (Roy, p.313-320). She turns from a nun into a betrayer. This imagery, it is also linking Baby Kochammas betrayal with a negative view on Christianity. There are again a multitude of messages cooperating on different levels in the intertext The Sound of Music. Uncle Chacko, the self proclaimed Marxist, who in a way is a betrayer as well. From being almost as a father to Estha and Rahel, he turns his back on them when Margaret and Sophie arrive. Uncle Chacko is thus a symbol of Marxist ideas and the Marxist government ruling Kerala at that time, a government picking the best apples from the basket of Marxism, just as Chacko does. The Love in Tokyo intertext was a successful Bollywood film released in 1966. The film plot involves forbidden love affairs just as in The God of Small Things. However, the most important symbol from this intertext is the two beads on a rubber band holding Rahels hair together: Most of Rahels hair sat on top of her head like a fountain. It was held together by a Love-in-Tokyo two beads on a rubber band, nothing to do with Love or Tokyo. In Kerala Love-in-Tokyos have withstood the test of time, and even today if you were to ask for one at any respectable A-1 ladies store, thats what youd get. (Roy, p.37) Rahel and Estha are twins. I get the impression from Roy that twins form a unit, and that when they are separated, they are just halves. They are Two beads on a rubber band (Roy, p.37). One of the many tragedies in this story involves Estha being sent away to live with his father, while Rahel stays in Ayemenem. The children do not understand the causes of all the tragedies and as children often do, they blame themselves. When they meet in Ayemenem again, they have not seen each other for twenty years. They have therefore not bean able to deal with their complexes of guilt and separation. As Rahel saw her brother in the bathroom, she thought of him: He was a naked stranger met in a chance encounter. He was the one that she had known before life began. The one who had once led her (swimming) through their lovely mothers cunt (Roy, p.93). Now, imagine the two beads, Rahel and Estha, being pulled apart as much as it is possible. As the rubber band is at its breaking-point and the puller has to let go, the beads will slip out of hands and by the force of the pulling, crash into each other: They were strangers who had met in a chance encounter. They had known each other before Life began. There is very little that anyone could say to clarify what happened next. Nothing that (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) would separate Sex from Love. Or Needs from Feelings (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Only that there were tears. Only that Quietness and Emptiness fitted together like stacked spoons (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Only that what they shared that night was not happiness, but hideous grief. (Roy, p.327-328) Roy uses intertextuality to a great extent in order to give the story a deeper meaning than what it encompasses on a surface level. However, since a deeper meaning can be found in most fictional work when analysing images and metaphors.

Importance of a College Degree

Importance of a College Degree The Importance of a College Degree There are many things that will affect our lives. College degree is the most important of these factors. College education plays a critical role in our lives as well as a key opens many doors of opportunity to success in the future and allows us to explore everything surrounding. With rapid development in economic, college degree has become the necessary requirement in securing for finding a better job. People with college graduated are hired in at a higher paying position and are considered to be much more stable employers. By attending in college, people will have more access to recourse and base on that, they can make many education decide that will lead them to a brighter future. For some people, going to college wastes too much of their time and money. Although it does spend a lot, I believe that college education is a good investment of time and money. Attending in college education brings us many good things like a career, advancement and knowledge. â€Å"Higher education is perceived as extremely important, and for most people a college education has become the necessary admission ticket to good jobs†. (Alan Hall) Nowadays, humans life is becoming more diverse with rapid growth in all areas like technology, economy and society; thus, the marketplace and workforce are becoming more expanding. Many of todays jobs now require people should have higher education requirements before the company will consider hiring them. It is also a basic degree for everyone to continue their education to explore the carrier and getting higher on their working position. Because the existing long-term ability and the success of any organization are all depended on the experience and skill of all their employees. Consequently, for people with a college degree will likely have more chance to find a good job as well as a better standing in company than a high school graduate. From the government study that showed, there is a substantial gap of i ncome between high school degree and a college degree. The average annual earnings of the ages from 25 to 32 for full time working employees who has a college degree are $17,500 greater than employees who has only a high school diploma or less than. Also, the rate of unemployment of people who has a college degree among 25 to 32 years is almost four times less than whom without the college degree, 3.8 percent in versus 12.2 percent. Based on the information that was given by the government, the fact that the employees need to have a college degree are more and more important nowadays. In addition, the other study from the measure of economic well-being and career attainment, employees who have a college degree are more likely to explore about their job than their peers who only have a high school diploma or less than. In contrast, employees without a college degree are more than about three times compare with those who has a college degree saying their job is just working for a livi ng. Also, people who has a college degree to say that college education is very useful and assist them in preparing for work and career. Moreover, the share living in poverty of bachelor’s degree or more is 5.8 percent, two-year degree is 14.7 percent and a high school graduate is 21.8 percent, which is more than three times from college graduates. This is a big gap of life’s quality between college graduates and high school diploma. As the results, this is a clear answer for those who consider about the value of attending college because of the debt from tuition and time wasting. College degree not only help people to improve their life, income and working position, but it also helps organizations in the job management because it is easier to train knowledgeable employees. Moreover, obtaining a college degree will help people open a bright future with a great number of work opportunity. It helps people to get more training skills and experience to apply for the job. B esides, people can benefit from a college education such as having a good place for working with office buildings, air conditioning and a better condition that will help them work better at their job. When people have a college degree, they will feel more confident and have a strong sense of pride by themselves. Not only the pride from themselves but also the pride from their families because they are maybe the first one in their family to graduate from college. Base on the critical thinking and reasoning skill that they have learned in college, they are more willing to work and help others without the shame of knowledge lacking. Being able to help others mean that they will see themselves as a beneficial of a society and they will live without the regress of the time that they spent in college. Most of people nowadays think that college education helps them only with career opportunities, higher earning, but they do not know that college education also helps them access to healthcare and more likely to adopt healthy habits. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National for Health Statistic has studied that people who has a college degree or higher lives about nine years longer than those who do not graduate from college. The much higher number of folks who have a high school diploma or less are smokers, opposed to only 9% of those who graduated from college. The householders that the parent have a bachelor’s degree or higher tend to have lower percentages of obese children. The survey shows that children who are born and rise with the parent who graduated from college are healthier, performer better academically, and more likely to attend to college than children of those parents who have not had any degree. College education will give people better equips to navigate in their life. They will learn more about themselves and people around them. It will boost up their confidence, improve their communication skill, feeling alive; all of these things will lead to happiness, less stress, greater self-fulfillment. Education not only keeps people engaged in life, but it also improves their quality of life. Compare to high school graduates, college graduates have greater participation in leisure and artistic activities and more willing to community service and leadership with volunteer work, and the most important factor that college graduates tend to have less criminal activity and incarceration. Higher education not only help people to have a better quality of life, higher standard living, but it also helps the society with less criminal activities and more volunteer works. In addition, during the learning time for a college education, student has the opportunity to learn and work with a lot of people from diverse backgrounds. They can exchange many good things each other such as culture, traditional and learning skills. By working collaboratively with each other, it also helps students developing team skills. These teaming skills will help student to adapt easily with changing or different environments as well as help student to work within a variety of organizational cultures and different management styles. Our life starts with learning at the first day when we are born with everything surroundings. Through college, we become more maturity to find out who we are and how to get successful. In my conclusion, I believe college degree is important and people should get it because it offers us many great benefits. College education helps people to obtain a quality life and bright future. Attending college education systems also teach great skills that are necessary for having a better job and being successful in life. Works Cited Alan, Hall. [Article] The Education Industry Shows Signs of Collapse.Socionomics Institute RSS. N.p., Feb. 2011. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. Danielle, Kurtzleben. Income Gap Between Young College and High School Grads Widens.US News. U.S.News World Report, 11 Feb. 2014. Web. 19 Oct. 2014. Tami, Luhby. College Degree = $650,000 More in Earnings Economy.Economy RSS. N.p., 9 Mar. 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. Rampell, Catherine. College Graduates Fare Well in Jobs Market, Even Through Recession.The New York Times. The New York Times, 03 May 2013. Web. 22 Oct. 2014. Rustigan, Mike. If Youve Got a Trade, Youve Got It Made'Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 13 Jan. 2010. Web. 22 Oct. 2014.

Pearl Harbor - The United States Should Have Anticipated the Attack :: World War II History

Pearl Harbor - The United States Should Have Anticipated the Attack Many have compared the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 to the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. They argue that both attacks were just as astonishing, unwarranted and unpredictable. The World Trade Center buildings in New York City still lie in ruin, an icy reminder of the terrorist attack. Both the U.S.S. Arizona and the U.S.S Utah remain on the floor of Pearl Harbor, each a ghostly, decaying tomb reminding all of the thousands that gave their life on that fateful day, also, they are both reminders of seemingly how easily the attack was carried out and of how America, the world's big brother and perhaps the most powerful nation in the history of the world, was caught with 'its guard down.' The attacks are also similar in that, generally, those who lived through them divide time: time before the attack and time after. After Pearl Harbor, the United States declared war on Japan, and thus Germany and Italy with the signing of the Anti-Cominter n Pact and latter the Tripartite Pact, and after was slingshot into the Cold War, and after the September 11 attack, concepts that may have been unthinkable before the attack are being considered such as torturing detainees and racial profiling and, arguably, security has been further fortified in airports and other public places. Both attacks were turning points in American history; they had and will have profound effects on life after them. The details of the September 11 attack are still buried in distant lands while the on Pearl Harbor happened over 60 years ago; therefore most of the documents and information concerning the attack have been released. When analyzing the documents and accounts of the Pearl Harbor attack, historians are not able to avoid the fact that many warning signs of the approaching attack existed. The neglect of these signs can, in most cases, be attributed to some sort of human error in dealing with those signs. Although human error played a large part in the reason that those in power did not take further advantage of those signs, it was not the only reason. Most of the signs were neither tangible nor very specific of the location, date or degree of ferocity at which Japanese would attack. Another reason is that for years before the attack, a feeling of isolation and thoughts that the United States need not interfere in European matters presided over the minds of many Americans.

Was Napoleon Bonaparte the Saviour or the Destroyer of the Ideals of the French Revolution? :: European Europe History

Was Napoleon Bonaparte the Saviour or the Destroyer of the Ideals of the French Revolution? With all the glory and the splendour that some countries may have experienced, never has history seen how only only one man, Napoleon, brought up his country, France, from its most tormented status, to the very pinnacle of its height in just a few years time. He was a military hero who won splendid land-based battles, which allowed him to dominate most of the European continent. He was a man with ambition, great self-control and calculation, a great strategist, a genius; whatever it was, he was simply the best. But, even though how great this person was, something about how he governed France still floats among people's minds. Did he abuse his power? Did Napoleon defeat the purpose of the ideals of the French Revolution? After all of his success in his military campaigns, did he gratify the people's needs regarding their ideals on the French Revolution? This is one of the many controversies that we have to deal with when studying Napoleon and the French Revolution. In this essay, I w ill discuss my opinion on whether or not was he a destroyer of the ideals of the French Revolution. Certain individuals approved of Napoleon's reign as the saviour of France. He finished and completed the Revolution by fulfilling the ideals the people of France demanded. A person such as one belonging to the bourgeoisie, or even a peasant would be very satisfied with the way Napoleon ruled over the country. He gave them equality, freedom, justice, and many rights. Such things never existed during the reign of the monarchs before Napoleon stepped in. A banker too would be very affirmative on how Napoleon had truly helped France in its economic problems. He made the franc the most stable currency in Europe, and the banker had witnessed that, as probably one of the bankers of the Bank of France. Another type of individual that agrees that Napoleon isn't the destroyer of the ideals of the Revolution would be his soldiers and generals. He had fought alongside with his men in many battles. Through inspiration, he gained their loyalty, to "follow him to the stars" if he asked them to. Suc h inspiration would never be gained if he never respected them, if he never treated them fairly. And then, the "Legion of Honour", which awarded to some certain citizens for their civil and military achievements.

Process Safety And Loss Prevention Plant Engineering Essay

The system in figure 1 schematic of a nomadic incineration unit. The equipment is arranged as a skid mounted bundle, recess and out pipes have been disconnected from unit.for the care purpose unit can be skiding out to open infinite and accessing needed constituents straight, or subsequently taking constituents from the unit in order to derive the entree. All supply and waste connexion are from the unit. Because of cramped conditions. Figure 2 it shows the forepart and side positions of the unit is 2.5m tallness, 5m deep, 2m broad. [ 1 ] Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) The kiln, heat money changer, and scrubber are each secured to border by 6 bolts and there are 4 connexions to each of the motors. The whole unit can be slid out to let care utilizing raising cogwheel and this requires 20 proceedingss to hale out and 40 proceedingss to return. The clip takes to take nuts and bolts 2 proceedingss and the clip takes to replace 5 proceedingss [ 1 ] MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) is besides known as Mean Corrective Tim – Mct, or TC. is colored norm of the fix times for the system. ( a ) ( I ) Calculation of MTTR when the unit is slid out for fix: Here failure constituents are removed from unit and it will be repaired and replaced to unit. Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) Formula for MTTR: TE† c = [ a?‘ni=1 ( I »i.Tc ( I ) ) ] / a?‘ni=1 ( I »i ) Where: TE† c ( I ) is the disciplinary clip for the i'th unit. I »i is the failure rate of the i'th unit. N is the figure of unit. [ 2 ] Failure informations ( I » ) : Heat exchanger failure rate ( I » ) = 40 ( failure per 10^6hours ) or 40A-10^-6hours [ 3 ] Rotary kiln ( I » ) basic constituents of a rotary kiln are the shell, the furnace lining liner, support tyres, rollers, driven cogwheel and internal heat money changer. So rotary kiln failure rate we may gauge amount of all constituents which are utilizing to do rotary kiln. Under technology premise rotary kiln failure rate ( I » ) = 30 ( failures per 106hours ) or 30A-10-6 hours Under technology premise Scrubbing unit failure rate ( I » ) = 45 ( failures per 106hours ) or 45A-10-6hours Under technology premise fan failure rate ( I » ) = 57 ( failures per 106 hours ) or 57A-10-6 Corrective clip for constituents ( Tc ) : ( Tc ) = Tdet + Tloc + Tpla + Tsel + ( Tpre / Tlog ) + ( [ Trem + Trep ] /Trip ) + Tver + Tstu Tdet = observing mistake Tlo = placement failure Tpla = be aftering the work Ts = select the failed point Tpre = shutdown & A ; readying Tlog = logistics clip Trem = remotion of failed point Trep = replacing of failed point Trip = repair-in-place Tver = verify the repaired point Tstu = re-start [ 4 ] Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) Heat money changer has four connexions in the unit and heat money changer framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( heat money changer ) Entire nuts and bolts for the heat money changer in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take heat exchanger = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace heat money changer = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug pipe line the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from rotary kiln it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipes line to rotary kiln it will take clip = 45 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) = 12+30+20+25+40+20+25+35+45+30 =282 proceedingss or 4.7 hours Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) Rotary kiln has four connexions connexions in the unit and rotary kiln framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( rotary kiln ) Entire nuts and bolts for the rotary kiln in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take rotary kiln = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace rotary kiln = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from prison guard motor it will take clip = 23 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to sleep together motor it will take clip = 28 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) = 12+30+23+30+25+20+28+35+25+40 = 268 proceedingss or 4.46 hours Scrubing unit has four connexions in the unit and framed by 6 bolts and nuts so clip to take take that constituent ( scouring unit ) Entire nuts and bolts for the scouring unit in the unit = 6 Time taking to take bolts and nuts at each connexion = 2 proceedingss So clip taking to take scouring unit = 6A-2 = 12 proceedingss Time taking to replace bolts and nuts at each connexion = 5 proceedingss Time taking to replace scouring unit = 6A-5 = 30 proceedingss And we have to unplug the connexions here we have entire 4 connexion Time taking to unplug the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 35 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) = 12+30+25+30+35+25+30+33+38+30= 288 proceedingss or 4.80 hours Fan has besides four connexions with whole unit Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from scouring unit it will take clip = 33 Unpluging pipe line from fan motor it will take clip = 27 Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to scouring unit it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to fan motor it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for fan unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+33+27+30+33+38+30= 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours Table 1: Technetium for the when the unit is slid out for fix Component I » ( failures per 106or A-10-6hours ) Tc ( hours ) I » . Tc Heat money changer 40 4.70 188 Rotary kiln 30 4.46 133.8 Scrubing unit 45 4.80 216 Fan 57 4.10 233.7 a?‘I »= 172 a?‘I »Tc= 771.5 Tc = a?‘I »Tc / a?‘I » = 771.5 /172 = 4.48 hours The MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) when the unit is slid out for fix = 4.48 hours ( a ) ( two ) Calculation of MTTR when the unit is repaired in topographic point: Here we have to cipher MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) whole unit in topographic point Components: Heat money changer ( EX ) Rotary kiln ( RK ) Scrubing unit ( SC ) Temperature accountant ( TC ) Fan motor ( FM ) Screw feeder ( SW ) Screw motor ( SM ) Feed hopper ( FH ) Formula for MTTR: TE† c = [ a?‘ni=1 ( I »i.Tc ( I ) ) ] / a?‘ni=1 ( I »i ) Where: TE† c ( I ) is the disciplinary clip for the i'th unit. I »i is the failure rate of the i'th unit. N is the figure of unit. [ 5 ] Failure informations ( I » ) : Heat exchanger failure rate ( I » ) = 40 ( failure per 10^6hours ) or 40A-10^-6hours [ 6 ] Rotary kiln ( I » ) basic constituents of a rotary kiln are the shell, the furnace lining liner, support tyres, rollers, driven cogwheel and internal heat money changer. So rotary kiln failure rate we may gauge amount of all constituents which are utilizing to do rotary kiln. Under technology premise rotary kiln failure rate ( I » ) = 30 ( failures per 106hours ) or 30A-10-6 hours Under technology premise Scrubbing unit failure rate ( I » ) = 45 ( failures per 106hours ) or 45A-10-6hours Under technology premise fan failure rate ( I » ) = 57 ( failures per 106 hours ) or 57A-10-6 Corrective clip for constituents ( Tc ) : ( Tc ) = Tdet + Tloc + Tpla + Tsel + ( Tpre / Tlog ) + ( [ Trem + Trep ] /Trip ) + Tver + Tstu Tdet = observing mistake Tlo = placement failure Tpla = be aftering the work Ts = select the failed point Tpre = shutdown & A ; readying Tlog = logistics clip Trem = remotion of failed point Trep = replacing of failed point Trip = repair-in-place Tver = verify the repaired point Tstu = re-start [ 7 ] here we do n't necessitate to take constituents from unit for fix Corrective clip for heat money changer ( Tc ) : Heat money changer has four connexion in the whole unit Time taking to unpluging the unit line from whole unit Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from rotary kiln it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipes line to rotary kiln it will take clip = 45 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Corrective clip for heat money changer unit ( Tc ) = 20+25+40+20+25+35+45+30 = 240 minute or 4 hours Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from prison guard motor it will take clip = 23 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 20 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to sleep together motor it will take clip = 28 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 35 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 40 proceedingss Corrective clip for rotary kiln ( Tc ) = 23+30+25+20+28+35+25+40 = 226 minute or 3.76 hours Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from fan it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 35 Unpluging pipe line from another connexion it will take clip = 25 Connecting pipe line to fan it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to another connexion it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for scouring unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+35+25+30+33+38+30 = 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours Corrective clip for fan ( Tc ) : Unpluging pipe line from heat money changer it will take clip = 25 proceedingss Unpluging pipe line from temperature accountant it will take clip = 30 Unpluging pipe line from scouring unit it will take clip = 33 Unpluging pipe line from fan motor it will take clip = 27 Connecting pipe line to heat exchanger it will take clip = 30 proceedingss Connecting pipe line to temperature accountant it will take clip = 33 Connecting pipe line to scouring unit it will take clip = 38 Connecting pipe line to fan motor it will take clip = 30 Corrective clip for fan unit ( Tc ) = 25+30+33+27+30+33+38+30= 246 proceedingss or 4.10 hours So based on computations and observation MTTR ( Mean To Time Repair ) for unit is slid out for fix is significantly more than unit is repaired in topographic point. Table 2: Technetium for the when the unit is repaired in topographic point Component I » ( failures per 106or A-10-6hours ) Tc ( hours ) I » . Tc Heat money changer 40 4.0 160 Rotary kiln 30 3.76 112.8 Scrubing unit 45 4.10 184.5 Fan 57 4.10 233.7 a?‘I »= 172 a?‘I »Tc= 691.0 Tc = a?‘I »Tc / a?‘I » = 691 /172 = 4.01 hours The MTTR ( Average Time To Repair ) when the unit is slid out for fix = 4.01 hours Mentions: ( 1 ) ( a ( I ) ) ( a ( two ) ) [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Maintainability. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 3 ] [ 6 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. 1b ) Design alterations to cut down Mean Time To Repair ( MTTR ) : To accomplish optimal MTTR the undermentioned design consideration are recommended: The heat exchanger stuff must be considered based on the operating temperature of the liquid More dependable and maintainable stuff used in the rotary kiln Better we have one more scouring unit to cut down the Mean Time To mend MTTR Motor capacity must designed based on chilling demands All the pipe parametric quantities must be based on the operating temperature of the liquid throwing it Material which is utilizing to do all constituents should be defy all status The temperature accountant must be calibrated for the liquid temperature 1c ) Instrumentality which has system is utile to find the mistakes.so instrumentality in this system temperature accountant ( TC ) : Here TC maps to modulate the temperature of the liquid come ining the heat money changer that is, it pre-controls the liquid come ining the heat money changer. As shown in the figure, the temperature accountant modulate the temperature of the liquid released from the heat money changer and before being cooled by the fan which is control by fan motor. So temperature accountant is utile to observing the mistake which may happen in the heat money changer. Based on the given figure it can be likely assume that degree index may be used for the rotary kiln. a flat index is placed at the top of the rotary kiln. This is used is indicate the maximal degree of the mixture that can be accommodated in a rotary kiln. So this may be indicated the mistakes if anything occur. A flow rate valve is placed in the scrubber unit, so as to command the flow rate alkalic solution into the scouring unit. This flow rate valve allows merely the coveted sum of solution in to the scouring unit. Once the coveted degree is reached the valve will automatically close off the flow of liquid into the unit. And we have some detector dismay at the fan and fan motor and screw motor why because if these have any jobs will gives the signals so we can easy find the mistakes. Due to the incorporation of these instrumentality into the chief system the opportunities of failure is significantly reduced 2 ) Question description: Procedure works to respond liquid A and liquid B to bring forth merchandise C. liquid A passing into storage A utilizing liquid accountant. From storage it will pump to reactor. Liquid B go throughing into storage B utilizing liquid accountant from storage B to pumping to reactor. From reactor merchandise C coming out. Acid gas from reactor pumping to scouring unit. In scouring unit acid gas is cleaned utilizing alkalic solution which is go throughing into scouring unit. Scrubing unit leaves impersonal waste watercourse. Liquids ever available at the recesss to the procedure. There is at least two scouring units working right for the procedure. Stand-by pumps switch over automatically. Pipe work failures can be ignored. [ 1 ] Available informations: The computing machine system has a dependability of 0.9997 over one twelvemonth The operator dependability over one twelvemonth is 0.85 for indicated mistakes and 0.95 for mistakes which raise an dismay Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 Reactor failures can affect the fomenter which has two failure manners. Shaft break failure rate = 0.1/year Motor failure rate = 0.3/year [ 1 ] 2 ( a ( I ) ) Fault tree analysis here merchandise fails to run into specification is the top event Alarm failure Liquid control LAL fails Liquid control Low degree High degree Agitator failure Coking job Motor failure Shaft break High degree Low degree Excess flow of liquid Angstrom Excess flow of liquid B Reactor Pump failure 2 ( a ( two ) ) Fault tree analysis here liquid waste watercourse composing outside bounds is the top event Low degree High degree Internal mal maps failure Connection fails between scrubbers Improper cleansing temperature Improper alkaline solution pumping to scrubber unit Scrubber unit failure Improper flow reactor to scrubber High degree Low degree Low degree High degree 2a ) computation of dependability of parts of the system Here parts of the system: Storages Reactor Agitator Pumps Scrubing unit Dependability of reactor: Here reactor failure can affect the fomenter failure. First one is shaft break and 2nd one is motor failure Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 [ 1 ] Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours [ 2 ] Dependability of shaft break: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 [ 3 ] Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.1/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.1/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 90.11 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.995 So dependability for shaft break = 0.995 Dependability of motor: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.3/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.3/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 177.29 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.948 So dependability for motor = 0.948 Dependability for scouring unit: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? Here we have the T = 133.6 yearss Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Z ( T ) = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( 133.6-60 ) 1.8-1 Z ( T ) = 0.2/year Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? = 0.996 So dependability for scouring unit R ( T ) = 0.996 Dependability of pump: Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t Surviving clip t = 70 yearss One twenty-four hours = 24 hours Surviving clip T = 1680 hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t = vitamin E ( -13A-10^-6A-1680 ) Dependability of pump R ( T ) = 0.978 Mentions: [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. [ 3 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Failure information analysis. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. 2b ) Reliability block diagram for the complete system Pump 1 Storage A Pump2 Scrubing unit Reactor Pump Storage B computation of dependability of the complete system over one twelvemonth: Here parts of the system: Storages Reactor Agitator Pumps Scrubing unit Dependability of reactor: Here reactor failure can affect the fomenter failure. First one is shaft break and 2nd one is motor failure Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year Scrubber unit has a weilbull failure characteristic with I · = 600 yearss, I? = 60days, and I? = 1.8 [ 1 ] Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Failure rate of fan ( I » ) = 57A-10-6hours [ 2 ] Dependability of shaft break: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 [ 3 ] Failure rate of shaft break = 0.1/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.1/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.1/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 90.11 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.995 So dependability for shaft break = 0.995 Dependability of motor: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 Failure rate of the motor = 0.3/year So utilizing this we are happening T Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 0.3/year = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 Here one twelvemonth = 365 yearss 0.3/365 = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( t-60 ) 1.8-1 T = 177.29 yearss Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^6 = 0.948 So dependability for motor = 0.948 Dependability for scouring unit: Equation for failure rate: Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Here I? = form factor I · = characteristic life I? = location parametric quantity T = lasting a clip Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? Here we have the T = 133.6 yearss Z ( T ) = I?/I ·I? ( t-I? ) I?-1 Z ( T ) = ( 1.8/ ( 600 ) 1.8 ) A- ( 133.6-60 ) 1.8-1 Z ( T ) = 0.2/year Equation for the dependability: R ( T ) = e- ( ( t-I? ) /I · ) ^I? = 0.996 So dependability for scouring unit R ( T ) = 0.996 Dependability of pump: Failure rate of pump ( I » ) = 13A-10-6hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t Surviving clip t = 70 yearss One twenty-four hours = 24 hours Surviving clip T = 1680 hours Dependability of pump R ( T ) = e-I »t = vitamin E ( -13A-10^-6A-1680 ) Dependability of pump R ( T ) = 0.978 Dependability of the complete system over twelvemonth R ( T ) = norm of system parts dependability = ( 0.995+0.948+0.996+0.978 ) /4 = 0.979 Therefore dependability of the complete system over twelvemonth = 0.979 Mentions: [ 1 ] Plant dependability and maintainability, assignment inquiry paper, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. [ 2 ] Frank P. Lees, 1996, Loss bar in the procedure industries, 2nd edition, volume 3. [ 3 ] Cris Whetton, ility technology. Failure information analysis. [ Lecture press release ] .from works dependability and maintainability, faculty ( CPE6250 ) held on November 30 to December 3 2009. 2c ) To accomplish a mark dependability of 0.90 over one twelvemonth: Reliability mark is a nothing failure mark. This is an of import mark implied for those low acting workss, such workss does non accomplish certain ends designed by applied scientists. So we have to put appropriate mark to accomplish works design. the dependability of the system must be improved to accomplish the mark. to accomplish the dependability mark or to better dependability three basic ways must be employed. By system design By component specification By preventative care By system design: – The basic regulation of our system design is to maintain the design has simple as possible. the system is more dependable if the system is simple. Some of the stairss include, System simplification: To cut down the complexnesss in procedure works at the design phase its ego Decrease in the usage of Complex parts by replacing them with more cardinal parts The design should be made simple and easy to under base Decrease in constituent count: The figure of constituents used in the works must be reduced. complex constituents must be avoided for the simpleness of the design. Mistake tolerance: The basic features of mistake tolerance require: No individual point of failure No individual point of repair- the system must run without any break during the procedure of fix when the system experiences any jobs. Mistake isolation to the neglecting component- in instance of failures the failed portion of the system must be isolated from the pained system. This requires necessary failure sensing mechanism. Fault containment to forestall extension of the failure Handiness of reversion modes- some failures may do cripples to the full system, to avoid the full procedure system must force to the safe manner By component specification: For the dependability of a constituent it must be adequately specified for their full length of service. Extra dependability can be provided by runing the constituents at lower emphasis so their operating emphasiss. By making so early failures of the constituents can be reduced. in a procedure industry it is really hard to better dependability merely by specification. This is attributed to the deficit of necessary informations sing the affect of emphasiss on the constituents. Components of high quality can non be used ever for economic grounds. Normally the parametric quantities required to better dependability frequently contradict with procedure demands. Some of the dependability betterments include: Use of disciplinary maintenance- it is defined as the care which is required to mend and convey merchandise after the fix is carried out. it is carried out in constituents who is failures does n't impact of the overall working of the procedure system significantly. This activity chiefly involves fix, Restoration or replacing of constituents. Design improvement-the design of any high quality procedure works is based on the design parametric quantities and proficient specifications. the reactor design must be improved for high rates of efficiency. Temperature, force per unit area and other external considerations must be included in the design of reactor and storage armored combat vehicles. Quality control-Quality control assures conformity to specifications. quality control checks whether measurings of the constituents like reactors, storage armored combat vehicle, scrub units as in this instance conform to the demands. Preventive care: Is defined as a care carried out to forestall failure or warring out of constituents in the procedure works. This is carried out by supplying systematic review, sensing and bar of inchoate failure. The preventive care attempts are aimed at continuing the utile life of equipment and avoiding premature equipment failures, minimising any impact on operational demands. In add-on to the everyday facets of cleansing, adjusting, lubricating and proving. it is carried out merely on those points where a failure would hold expensive or unacceptable effects e.g. reactors, storage armored combat vehicles, scouring units. Many of these points are besides capable to a statutory demand for review and preventative care. [ 1 ]

Kiwi Mart Case Study Essay

Answer 1. Strategic sourcing is the major tools and technology in supply chain management and it delivers cost reductions and other offers and advantages. It will make strategic sourcing different from a traditional sourcing. This sounds the most strategic supplier relationship that is based on cost and there is an ability to create new business with technological advances. In the past, the organization was usually focused on tactical functions such as processing of purchase orders, checking the status of delivery and this might contribute to corporate responsibility. Various important approaches like engineering driven approaches and selection of supplier processes lead to the number of suppliers at premium prices. It reduces cost of sourcing, helps in achieving low cost. Plexet has a reliable and valued suppliers and Plexet used to maintain long term supplier relationship, especially with large retail chain known as Kiwi Mart. The purchasing of Kiwi Mart acquired more than 4000 container cases at the discount rate of 4 percent from Plexet. It has decided to benefit with the discounted price rates and selling of high quantity containers. With the selling of 400 container cases at the wholesale price rate, the deal gets negotiated within 3 months. This has helped Kiwi Mart to resolve the challenges such as inventory challenges and other issues with Auckland Kiwi Mart. Just after the negotiation, the head of the Kiwi Mart purchase department had been contacted by Chinex and they offered more than 7 percent discount on more than 5000 container cases of different products such as good seal products. The deal was too strong and good with different orders. The purchasing manager was not aware of the situation and it had a complete line of sizes and quantities with respect to every product. Thus, it has been decided to help and resolve the adjustment of the product line. The purchasing department of Kiwi Mart focu sed on addressing several issues such as potential inventory crisis and it is securing the amount of supply with the recent acquisition of cheaper products. Strategic sourcing is the first thing that is combined with the strategic supplier management and there is the effective day to day purchasing with the outcomes of supply chain management. The organization is able to create and develop new advantages with better and effective roles as well as relationship. It chooses the innovation and leads to the marketplace with strategic efforts on sourcing. This way, the purchase department of Kiwi Mart will be able to develop  strong goals and objectives with respect to communication and suppliers would be able to promote interaction with high opportunities and well defined communication to complete the things in a right manner. This way, they can build strong competitive advantage and opportunity to reduce challenges and complexities and to standardize the possible supply chain strategies. Therefore the purchasing department will be able to reduce the cost to more efficient and effective process and it will be able to deliver better process. Answer 2. There should have successful partnership with long term commitment and it encourages in investing improvements in supply chain to mutual advantages. Thus, it will build and improve long term commitment with the form of collaborative framework partnership with the involvement of business to business relationship and it will meet the expectations in terms of goals and objectives. Answer 3. Plexet will adopt the just in time approach to production to improve the business with reduction on in-process inventory and carrying cost. It will focus on continuous improvement and it will help to achieve employee involvement and high quality. Answer 4. The implementation of inventory system in Kiwi Mart and Plexet will help to organize the distribution software and it will create a cohesive inventory for organization system. It will maintain the balance and inventory with the track of sales of the product and inventory.